The dominance of movie franchises

August 19, 2019

People visit the cinema less frequently. In the past twenty years, ticket sales per capita have declined steadily. At the same time, we’ve seen the rise and dominance of movie franchises at thebox office. A suggested negative relationship between the two trends was quickly established and the phrase “franchise fatigue” often pops up in cinematic debates to support this claim. However, if we take a closer look, there are good reasons to believe movie franchises are the new normal of cinema.

Our observations

  • Cinema attendance declined by 6% in the first half of 2019 compared to the same period last year. Analysts suggest this is partly due to a “franchise fatigue”. Although franchises have set record after record in the past years, on aggregate, cinema visits are declining. A never-ending stream of refurbished and recycled Intellectual Property (IP) has led to oversaturation, it is said. Men in Black: international, Stars Wars: Solo, Godzilla: King of Monsters and X-men: Dark Phoenix are just a few recentexamples of a long list of movies with disappointing box offices, which all faced the critique of rehashing IP.
  • Disney set the record for best box-office year in history. In the first seven months of the year, the entertainment powerhouse made more money than any other movie studio ever did in an entire year. Perhaps the huge success of Avengers: Endgame (currently over $2.8 billion) increases the likelihood that 2019 is an outlier. However, Disney has seen consistent successes with the Marvel Cinematic Universe and has a strong list of IP and movie franchises (e.g. The Lion King, Home Alone and Star Wars). Presumably, their box-office dominance will prevail and might even increase in the upcoming years.  
  • For cultural theorist Mark Fisher, the focus of movie studios on sequels, IP, remakes and other types offranchises is not a matter of deliberate economic strategy, but the inevitable outcome of our neoliberal and postmodern world. His cultural diagnosis idea is complex and inspired by the ontological thinking of Derrida, but the main idea is appealing and can be captured in the following. A postmodern world has difficulties anticipating the future in the present. Therefore, it turns to the past to anticipate a future which will never arrive. When culture was grounded in modern thought and the liberal capitalist system, it still had a clear trajectory (of the future). However, this trajectory was interrupted by postmodern thought and the emerging neoliberal system in the late 80s, as Fisher explains in this interview. Instead of traditional nostalgia, for the past, contemporary society and its cultural expressions in art, music and film now showcase a “nostalgia for the future”. We are stuck in the past because the future hasn’t arrived, we still live in the desire for a future that is unable to realize itself.

Connecting the dots

Film critics and box office analysts claim we are developing a “franchise fatigue”. At present, however, franchises are more popular than ever. The top box-office titles are almost all franchise movies and they’re setting record after record. Therefore, Essayist Matthew Ball strongly rejects the view of franchise fatigue and presents strong data to support his opposing arguments. He shows the decline in ticket sales per capita in the U.S. and Canada (5.25 to below 3.5) is mainly due to frequent cinemagoers making less frequent visits and this drop is mostly centered in the long tail of the box office. A reason for this might be that there are simply fewer non-franchised movies in theaters, leaving consumers no choice. However, according to Fisher, this argument doesn’t hold, asmore of these types of movies (e.g. individual IP, indie film, intellectual drama, comedy, arthouse movie, etc.) are currently produced than ever before. People simply go see them less often. The best explanation is the improvement of home cinemas, with better screens and sound systems, the increased quality of content and cheap, ubiquitous on-demand offer.

The current decline of ticket sales doesn’t imply we are heading towards the end of cinema, as it has happened before. After the introduction of the television in the ’60s, there was a strong decline in cinema visits, until a new balance between television and theater was reached. In correspondence with this first period, we might interpret this second long-term decline of cinema tickets as the slowly evolving path to a new equilibrium between theater, dominated by (spectacular) movie franchises, and home cinema, taking the leftovers with different business models.

But what explains the dominance and persistence of movie franchises in cinema? The main reason is found in the cost of film productions. To compete with television and alternative popular entertainment such as gaming, studios have to persuade consumers to turn off the TV by creating irreplaceable theatrical experiences. To succeed in this mission, cinematic productions have become extremely expensive. To keep the risk of high fixed-costs and the extended break-even point manageable, media franchises seem a safe and logical choice. Nevertheless, creating a loyal fan base around IP demands high marketing spending, driving up the production costs even further. However, if a movie franchise turns out to be a hit, profits accrue quickly.

In addition to this clearly economic rationale, there are also cultural diagnoses which underscore the premises of the movie franchise dominance. According to cultural theorist Mark Fisher, since the 1990s, refurbishing and repeating the past is all that is left in our neoliberal, capitalist and postmodern culture. Driven by short-term profits, efficiency and competition, the burden and stress of the neoliberal system deprives artists of their capacity to create something new. Combined with the uncertain postmodern worldview, this creates a sort of exhaustion in filmmakers, keeping them from creating radically new ideas. Moreover, Fisher says every culture relates itself to a future in the present, with art as an important way of expressing this relationship. However, as we turn towards the past, the future we’re currently anticipating is the future of the past. More easily formulated: Since the neoliberal and postmodern world arose in the ’90s, we’ve simply lost our ability to conceptualize a radically different future and therefore keep returning to the anticipated future of the past (the ‘70s and ‘80s). For Fisher, the current movie franchise dominance would be a clear symptom of this.

Although thought-provoking, the idea of an exhausted and depressed cinematic culture doomed to repeat the same over and over again is also oppressive. As we have written before, the success and dominance of the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise can also be explained as the acknowledgement of and strong balance between our simultaneous desire and fear of the new (neophilia vs neophobia). Moreover, this more subtle explanation is also better suited to address different types of media franchise. Presumably, not every franchise merely rehashes the old and familiar. Especially the cinematic universes created by Disney (MCU) and Warner Bros (DC) seem to be something different and unprecedented. For example, these universes create the opportunity for a never-ending meta–narrative. Moreover, filmmakers certainly have more degrees of freedom with individual projects compared to sequels and remakes. Finally, the universe strategy allows filmmakers to continuously address contemporary social issues and new socio-political themes (for example, Wonder Woman, Spiderman: Far from Home and Black Panther all received good reviews for doing exactly this). This way, the universe franchise strategy seems to cater to our desire for and fear of both the old and the new in a balanced way, positioning itself in a clever way within the franchise-dominated world, which might explain some of its success.

Implications

  • The dominance of big movie studios, their enormous budgets and consistent stream of franchise releases leave less space for smaller movie studios and non-franchise movies. However, the main cause – home cinemas and SVODs – might also be part of the solution. In the nearby future, we might see more movie studios play with multichannel releases or even direct-to-consumer production strategies. We have already seen exceedingly successful multichannel releases such as Roma (2018), which, with ten Oscar nominations, was also a breakthrough for Netflix.
  • The other side of the story is generally captured in the so-called “second golden age of television” with high-quality and high-budget series flourishing and giving rise to “peak TV“. Currently, there is a large number of series able to compete with budgets comparable to theatrical Hollywood productions and more writers, directors and A-list actors can be expected to make the switch from the big screen to new players such as Netflix, Amazon and Apple. Yet, franchise-dominance also applies to TV series (e.g. HBO’s plans for Game of Thrones spin-offs and the endless renewing of seasons).

Series 'AI Metaphors'

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1. The tool
Category: the object
Humans shape tools.

We make them part of our body while we melt their essence with our intentions. They require some finesse to use but they never fool us or trick us. Humans use tools, tools never use humans.

We are the masters determining their course, integrating them gracefully into the minutiae of our everyday lives. Immovable and unyielding, they remain reliant on our guidance, devoid of desire and intent, they remain exactly where we leave them, their functionality unchanging over time.

We retain the ultimate authority, able to discard them at will or, in today's context, simply power them down. Though they may occasionally foster irritation, largely they stand steadfast, loyal allies in our daily toils.

Thus we place our faith in tools, acknowledging that they are mere reflections of our own capabilities. In them, there is no entity to venerate or fault but ourselves, for they are but inert extensions of our own being, inanimate and steadfast, awaiting our command.
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2. The machine
Category: the object
Unlike a mere tool, the machine does not need the guidance of our hand, operating autonomously through its intricate network of gears and wheels. It achieves feats of motion that surpass the wildest human imaginations, harboring a power reminiscent of a cavalry of horses. Though it demands maintenance to replace broken parts and fix malfunctions, it mostly acts independently, allowing us to retreat and become mere observers to its diligent performance. We interact with it through buttons and handles, guiding its operations with minor adjustments and feedback as it works tirelessly. Embodying relentless purpose, laboring in a cycle of infinite repetition, the machine is a testament to human ingenuity manifested in metal and motion.
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3. The robot
Category: the object
There it stands, propelled by artificial limbs, boasting a torso, a pair of arms, and a lustrous metallic head. It approaches with a deliberate pace, the LED bulbs that mimic eyes fixating on me, inquiring gently if there lies any task within its capacity that it may undertake on my behalf. Whether to rid my living space of dust or to fetch me a chilled beverage, this never complaining attendant stands ready, devoid of grievances and ever-willing to assist. Its presence offers a reservoir of possibilities; a font of information to quell my curiosities, a silent companion in moments of solitude, embodying a spectrum of roles — confidant, servant, companion, and perhaps even a paramour. The modern robot, it seems, transcends categorizations, embracing a myriad of identities in its service to the contemporary individual.
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4. Intelligence
Category: the object
We sit together in a quiet interrogation room. My questions, varied and abundant, flow ceaselessly, weaving from abstract math problems to concrete realities of daily life, a labyrinthine inquiry designed to outsmart the ‘thing’ before me. Yet, with each probe, it responds with humanlike insight, echoing empathy and kindred spirit in its words. As the dialogue deepens, my approach softens, reverence replacing casual engagement as I ponder the appropriate pronoun for this ‘entity’ that seems to transcend its mechanical origin. It is then, in this delicate interplay of exchanging words, that an unprecedented connection takes root that stirs an intense doubt on my side, am I truly having a dia-logos? Do I encounter intelligence in front of me?
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5. The medium
Category: the object
When we cross a landscape by train and look outside, our gaze involuntarily sweeps across the scenery, unable to anchor on any fixed point. Our expression looks dull, and we might appear glassy-eyed, as if our eyes have lost their function. Time passes by. Then our attention diverts to the mobile in hand, and suddenly our eyes light up, energized by the visual cues of short videos, while our thumbs navigate us through the stream of content. The daze transforms, bringing a heady rush of excitement with every swipe, pulling us from a state of meditative trance to a state of eager consumption. But this flow is pierced by the sudden ring of a call, snapping us again to a different kind of focus. We plug in our earbuds, intermittently shutting our eyes, as we withdraw further from the immediate physical space, venturing into a digital auditory world. Moments pass in immersed conversation before we resurface, hanging up and rediscovering the room we've left behind. In this cycle of transitory focus, it is evident that the medium, indeed, is the message.
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6. The artisan
Category: the human
The razor-sharp knife rests effortlessly in one hand, while the other orchestrates with poised assurance, steering clear of the unforgiving edge. The chef moves with liquid grace, with fluid and swift movements the ingredients yield to his expertise. Each gesture flows into the next, guided by intuition honed through countless repetitions. He knows what is necessary, how the ingredients will respond to his hand and which path to follow, but the process is never exactly the same, no dish is ever truly identical. While his technique is impeccable, minute variation and the pursuit of perfection are always in play. Here, in the subtle play of steel and flesh, a master chef crafts not just a dish, but art. We're witnessing an artisan at work.
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About the author(s)

Economist and philosopher Sebastiaan Crul writes articles on a wide range of topics, including rule of law in digital societies, the virtualization of the lifeworld and internet culture. He is currently working on his doctoral degree on the influence of digitalization on mental health and virtue ethics, having previously published dissertations on the philosophy of play and systemic risks in the finance industry.

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